Reactive Attachment Disorder Of Children - 1512 Words

Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children Introduction to the Diagnosis According to Bowlby, the founder of attachment theory, a dependable, safe, and caring relationship with a primary caregiver is vital to an infant’s psychological health (Bowlby, 1951). In particular, children lacking a secure attachment with their primary caregivers are at risk of developing emotional and behavioral issues (Blakely Dziadosz, 2015). Unfortunately, the human bonds normally formed in infancy are fractured in neglected and abused children suffering from RAD (Shi, 2014). As a result, these children become withdrawn, distrustful, and fearful of the world (Shi, 2014). RAD is located under Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders in the Diagnostic and†¦show more content†¦Notably, one quarter of children living in the United States will suffer from neglect and/or abuse during their lifetime (CDC, 2016). As a consequence, the welfare system places at risk children in foster homes, group homes, and institutions (Department of Health and Human Services (US Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children Youth and Families, 2015). According to the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS), in 2014, over 400,000 children were placed into foster care with over 100,000 were waiting to be adopted (US Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children Youth and Families, 2015). The majority of children in foster care are White (42%), the second highest are Blacks (24%) and third are Hispanics (22%) (US Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children Youth and Families, 20 15). Also, 52% are male and 48% are female (US Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children Youth and Families, 2015). Most children, 46%, were placed in a non-relative home and 29% with a relative (US Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children Youth and Families, 2015). Additionally, 6% were sheltered in a group home and 8% in an institution (US Department of Health and HumanShow MoreRelatedA Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Foster Care And Institutional Care For Children With Signs Of Reactive Attachment Disorder884 Words   |  4 PagesU.S. 397,122 children are living without permanent families in the foster care system, as of 2012, more than 58,000 children in the U.S. foster care system were placed in institutions or group homes, not in traditional foster homes (CCAI, 2012). Can these children developmental need be meet in institutions and enable children to make sucker attachments? The American Journal of Psychiatry’ s article â€Å"A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Foster Care and Institutional Care for Children With Signs ofRead MoreReactive Attachment Disorder And Its Effect On All Aspects Of Life, And Diversity1501 Words   |  7 PagesReactive attachment disorder is a unique disorder in its onset, impact on all aspects of life, and diversity of subtypes. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual – IV (DSM- IV), reactive attachment disorder was characterized by two subtypes; the disinhibited and the inhibited subtypes. The inhibited subtype was identified as being withdrawn, unemotional, and having difficulty forming any sort of significant relationship with others. The disinhibited subtype’s most defining characteristic was indiscriminateRead MoreReactive Attachment Disorder ( Ptsd )1717 Words   |  7 PagesReactive Attachment Disorder 1. Introduction Reactive Attachment Disorder is classified under Trauma- and Stressor- Related Disorders under the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The following mental disorders are also classified under Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, Adjustment Disorders, Other Specified Trauma-Read MoreAn Overview Of Reactive Attachment Disorder1306 Words   |  6 PagesExtensive Overview of Reactive Attachment Disorder Reactive attachment disorder, also known as RAD, is characteristic of children who have developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors. As mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (2013), â€Å"The essential feature (of reactive attachment disorder) is absent or grossly underdeveloped attachment between the child and putative caregiving adults† (p. 266). This underdeveloped attachment is in response to a childRead MoreReactive Attachment Disorder1502 Words   |  7 PagesReactive Attachment Disorder What are the consequences when children are not given the love, a sense of safety, and care they need? While some of the behaviors of Reactive Attachment Disorder has been noted as far back as the mid-20th century (Fox and Zeanah 32), and was not even introduced as a disorder until 1980 in the 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Gleason and Zeanah 207). Children have been exhibiting the symptoms of Reactive Attachment Disorder longRead MoreMental Health Of Students With Anxiety And Depression1513 Words   |  7 Pagesbased approaches when working with students with anxiety or depression, but there are some disorders that have not had the focus that they deserve and leave school counselors and teachers attempting to navigate through services without a thorough understanding of the needs of the students. Attachment disorders fall into this category, specifically reactive attachment disorder (RAD). â€Å"Unlike many disorders that are proven or pr esumed to have a genetic, biochemical, or other internal basis, RAD, byRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Early Trauma On Children1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe Long Term Effects of Early Trauma on Children in Foster and Adoptive Settings Alyssa Lodhi Amberton University October 25th, 2014 â€Æ' Personal Journey When I was five years old, my mom told me that there were some children who didn’t have moms. I was shocked, and told my mother frankly that I’d be their mom. Caring for children with early trauma has been the driving passion of my life. When I was six and again when I was eight, my parents adopted children from Vietnam. Having siblings who wereRead MoreEvaluation Of The Development Of Children1694 Words   |  7 PagesReview Attachment is important to the development of children in order for them to establish bonds and feel security with primary caregivers. Children who are adopted or placed in substitute care often times experience major breaks in caregiving. This results in children lacking the ability to feel safe, loved, wanted and apart of another human being. This break in attachment sometimes leaves the child reeling lost and anger with those providing for them. The feeling of attachment, or lackRead MoreFactors That Influence Attachment Between Foster Children And Their Caregivers1161 Words   |  5 Pagesto examine the factors that influence attachment between foster children and their caregivers. This study contained a sample size of 61 children that ranged in age from two years old to seven years old. Some measures of this study are children that internalize and externalize their behavioral problems and the symptoms that relate to attachment disorder. The hypotheses of this study are that inhibited and disinhibited subtype of reactive attachment disorder have not association with a parents sensitivityRead MoreThe Attachment Of Children And Their Influence On Children1686 Words   |  7 PagesAvoidant Attachment in Children Parents are a vital factor in the development of their children. Many parents fill various roles as teachers, playmates, caregivers, and disciplinary figures; but one of the most important roles that a parent can hold is that of an attachment figure. The attachment between a child and their attachment figure is a strong predictor of the child’s later social and emotional wellbeing (Benoit, 2004). John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth worked together to come to the principle

A Research Measured The Level Of Anger And Wigley s...

Intensities of Anger Jan Cabahug University of Illinois at Chicago PSCH 313: Laboratory in Social Psychology Dr. Courtney Bonam March 10, 2016 Abstract The research measured the level of anger a person would have depending on the given statement. To validate the Anger Measure the Infant and Wigley’s Verbal Aggressiveness Scale, and Buss Perry’s Aggression Questionnaire were also completed by participants. Infants and Wigley’s Verbal Aggressiveness Scale tested for the level of verbal aggression a person has on a certain situation while Buss Perry’s Aggression Questionnaire determined the aggression of a person dependant of the situation. 20 of 22 participants completed the new fifteen item questionnaire survey with a†¦show more content†¦In the following study, a new measure was created asking the participants how angry or calm they are given the statements. Does our ethnicity, socioeconomic stands, or gender differ on how angry we react to situations or is it the same? For one study, the anger and verbal aggressiveness tendencies were measured based on backgrounds such as sex and gender fro m 445 U.S. college students (Kinney, T. A., Smith, B. A., Donzella, B, 2001). Anger and verbal aggressiveness were defined as anything related to teasing, insults, and threats. People may deal with situations differently based on their values, backgrounds, and beliefs. The way each individual was brought up will influence how angry they are with certain situations. The results suggest that the male freely express anger and verbal aggression towards others, but when it comes to females they tend to seclude their anger and verbal aggression (Kinney et al., 2001). Another study examined the relationship between anger and blame (Quigley, B. M., Tedeschi, J. T.,1996). Anger was measured by how much harm he/she would do intentionally, if they justify it or if gender played a role in it. The results show that anger felt is the same between both men and women, but aggressiveness shows a different story where males are more likely to be aggressive (Quigley et al.,1996). The results ar e do not entirely agree with the first experiment where it suggests males to be more aggressive,

Essay on Biology Chromosome - 849 Words

1. 2. 3. All of Allison’s eggs will carry the X chromosome and 50% of Allison’s egg cells will carry the recessive allele (hexa). 4.a. There is a 25% chance that Allison and Tim will have a baby boy who is heterozygous for Tay-Sachs. b. No, the baby boy will not have Tay-Sachs he will be a carrier for the disease. The boy would only have the disease if he was homozygous recessive. | X | Y | X | XX | XY | X | XX | XY | 1:2 1:2 | T | t | T | TT | Tt | t | Tt | tt | 1x1=1 2X2=4 1:4= 25% 5. a. Yes, there is a 50% chance that the young woman will develop FFI disease. B. | f | f | F | Ff | Ff | f | ff | ff | This Punnett square shows that there is a 50% chance that the young woman will have†¦show more content†¦8. An allele can produce a protein in a very specific step by step manor. The whole process starts with transcription. Transcription starts in the nucleus. Transcription is the process of how RNA is created from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. mRNA is a complimentary stand to the DNA template. This is a messenger to carry the information stored in the DNA in the nucleus out into the cytoplasm and to ribosomes on the ER. mRNA has to go through processing before it is able to pass through the membrane of the nucleus. The mRNA has a methylated cap added to the 5’ end and the poly-A tail is added to the 3’ end. Then there are certain sequences in the mRNA that are useless and are spliced out, these are called introns, the sequences of information that is important are called exons they are put together. On the mRNA each three bases in a row are called a codon. Each codon is specific to a certain amino acid. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes, this is the process of how information from mRNA is used to synthesize a polypeptide. The codons on the mRNA have a matching complimentary anticodon on the tRNA molecules. A tRNA molecule is small and only can bind to one specific amino acid amino acid at one end and one specific mRNA codon at the other end. Protein folding is when the alpha helices and beta sheets fold on to itself to form a 3D shape. The dominant XPA allele is present all of this normally occurs in a human. All theShow MoreRelatedSex Is A Matter Of Chromosomes And Biology Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesbut culture is also embodied as food ways, health and activities which shape the body and influence secondary sex characteristics. Sex is anatomical and physiological attributes that refer to functions of reproduction. Sex is a matter of chromosomes and biolog y, genders are roles constructed socially, they can be variously interpreted changed, bent made ambiguous or heightened. Although genders are malleable, they must be understood by others in order to function. Understanding may be by all whoRead MoreProcess Of Dividing Body Cells And Their Nuclei Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesothers up, this leads into setting the stage for their division of the chromosomes that is present. For the chromosomes to be easily pulled apart later on they start o condense during this early stage. The mitotic spindle then begins to form. This spindle is a structure that is made of microtubules, strong fibers that are considered to be the part of the cell’s skeleton. The purpose of the spindle is to organize the chromosomes and to have the ability in moving them around during mitosis. The growthRead MoreMitosis And Meiosis Of Eukaryotic Organisms1101 Words   |  5 Pagesa process called mitosis. In mitosis, a cell divides and forms two identical d aughter cells. (Prescott 102) Each daughter cell then doubles in size and becomes capable of dividing. Most one-celled plants and animals reproduce by mitosis. (Baserga Biology 56) This is also the way most cells in your body and multi-cellular plants and animals reproduce. Mitosis in animal cells takes place in four orderly stages-- (1) prophase, (2) metaphase, (3) anaphase, and (4) telophase. (Moore 91) Most of the activityRead MoreExamination Of Cell Division And Dna Replication956 Words   |  4 Pagesprocesses in order to have an understanding of biology. These most small occurrences are the basis for life in all cells. Without division and DNA replication, organism could not grow and carry out complex tasks, such as metabolism. In addition, natural selection can only occur where genetic variation does. This makes division of cells and the recombination of their DNA essential to the continuance of human life. Cells that are diploid have two sets of chromosomes, one coming from each parent. This kindRead MoreBiology Lesson Plan Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes663 Words   |  3 PagesA Semi-Detailed Lesson Plan in BIOLOGY Date: January 22, 2013 Time: 7:30-8:30 Section: BSEd-2B I. Objective(s) At the end of the 60-minute period, at least 75% of the student’s should be able to: 1. Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells. II. Subject Matter a. Topic: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes b. References: b.1. Department of Education. 2002. Operations Handbook in Biology: 2002 Basic Education Curriculum Secondary Level. II. 1. 1.4. b.2. Department of EducationRead MoreUsing One Cell Necessary For Life And Discusses Its Properties Of Life1334 Words   |  6 Pagesthat it is not an independent type of cell and requires fibroblast support for its sustainability (McLaughlin Seaquist, 2008). Cell anatomy and physiology ​Anatomy can be described as the branch of biology that studies the structures and parts of organisms. Physiology is the branch of biology that examines the normal functioning and parts of living things. Regarding the anatomy of the epithelial cell, it is lined in all the surfaces of the body including the body cavities, intestine, skin, andRead MoreVarious Phases that Make Up the Cell Cycle Essay examples1314 Words   |  6 Pagesvery important because it controls the rate at which the cell grows and develops. The phase following G1 is the Synthesis phase (S1). The main component of S1 is DNA synthesis. DNA replicates during this phase so that there will be an excess of chromosomes in the cell. This part of interphase is very important because if the DNA does not replicate as it should, it may result in DNA mutations within the cell. During the last stage of interphase it goes through another gap stage known as Gap 2 (G2)Read MoreFunctions Of Mitosis And Meiosis1708 Words à ‚  |  7 Pagesoutcomes (UK essays 2013; widmaier et al, 2014; Toole, 2015; Khan, 2016). Mitosis is a cell division that produces two daughter cells receiving a copy of every chromosome with the same genetic component as the parent cell, while meiosis is a cell division that produces haploid sex cells or gametes which contain a single copy of each chromosome (widmaier et al, 2014; Diffen, 2016; Toole 2016; Encyclopaedia Britannica). The purpose of mitosis is cell regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction, whileRead MoreRefwefe787 Words   |  4 Pages | | |[pic] | | |Biology Sem 2 (S2598061) | | \ | | | Read MoreMeiosis and Mitosis Essay example752 Words   |  4 Pagesbones. Meiosis allows a cell to unite one half of its genetic makeup with a cell from another partner to create an entirely new organism. Mitosis Mitosis is the process by which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes. Mitosis is the process by which an organism creates new cells, such as skin or bone. There are two parts to a cells life Ââ€" interphase and mitosis. Interphase is the normal life of the cell when all of the growth and metabolism processes take

The Roots of the Terrorist Attacks of 9/11 - 1175 Words

The causes of the 9/11 terrorist attacks are rooted deeper than most Americans realize. The trail of historical events that led to this catastrophe are widely unknown. Many Americans believe that the war on terror began with the tragedy of the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and ended with the death of Osama Bin Laden, but in reality, the war on terror has a long and complicated history. This paper will explore the historical events that culminated in the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.. In 1978, a communist government gained control of Afghanistan. The Soviet Union supported the new government, but the unrest of Afghan citizens with this regime was so great it prompted a â€Å"Jihad† or holy war(Jacobson, 31).†¦show more content†¦This failure, however, did not deter al Qaeda. Meanwhile in Sudan, al Qaeda continued to grow and extended its reach outside of the Middle East while Bin Ladens business cover allowed the organization to gain explosives and weapons. Under pressure from the United States and Saudi Arabia, the country of Sudan had no choice but to have Bin Laden leave (Bergen). Bin Laden and other various al Qaeda officials left Sudan in 1996 and flew to a Taliban run Afghanistan, a haven for extremist Muslims. This allowed al Qaeda the freedom of movement that they did not have in Sudan (Jacobson,38). Al Qaeda set up at least two terrorist training camps and grew more powerful and bold. In 1998 Osama Bin Laden published a fatwa that called for the murder of any American anywhere saying, â€Å"It is far better for anyone to kill a single American soldier than to squander his efforts on other activities(â€Å"The 9/11†, 47). Then, six months later on August 7, 1998, bomb laden trucks were driven into American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. These attacks killed 12 Americans and 234 people total. These were the first attacks by al Qaeda against the U.S., but would certainly not be the last (Jacobson, 38). The 9/11 attack plans took years to create and carry out. Khalid Sheik Mohammed began thinking ofShow MoreRelatedBureaurcracy Pathologies953 Words   |  4 PagesThe major pathologies are red tape, conflict, duplication, imperialism, and waste. Each of these pathologies had at least some sort of roots in the case of the 9/11/01 terrorist attack. Had these pathologies not been prominent in the pre-9/11 bureaucratic government, it is very likely that our intelligence communities would not have failed to detect the terrorists. The first and quite possibly the most prominent pathology is known as the red tape pathology. Red tape results from all of the complexRead More Bureaurcracy Pathologies Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesThe major pathologies are red tape, conflict, duplication, imperialism, and waste. Each of these pathologies had at least some sort of roots in the case of the 9/11/01 terrorist attack. Had these pathologies not been prominent in the pre-9/11 bureaucratic government, it is very likely that our intelligence communities would not have failed to detect the terrorists. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The first and quite possibly the most prominent pathology is known as the red tape pathology. Red tape resultsRead MoreThe World Trade Center s South Tower1486 Words   |  6 Pagesseventeen more terrorists clear security at Boston Logan, Newark International and Washington Dullas airports. At 7:59 Flight 11 out of Boston departs and within minutes it is taken over by five terrorists on board and rerouted towards Manhattan. Fifteen minutes later flight 175 departs and is also taken over by five terrorists and rerouted to Manhattan. At precisely 8:46 A.M. the hijackers crashed flight 11 into floor 93 of the World Trade Center’s north tower and just seventeen minutes later at 9:03 A.MRead MoreTerrorism Attacks On The World Trade Center And Pentagon1481 Words   |  6 PagesSince the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on 11 September 2001, there have been different U.S. strategies to try and combat the rise of global terrorism. The attacks made the entire world all too aware of the scale and scope of threats that terrorism can carry. The post-9/11 global climate has thus seen a shift in awareness of and response to terrorist threats. For the last thirteen years now the United States has denoted terrorism as one of the largest threats to nationalRead MoreRemembering 9/11 through the Lens of Hollywood: A Detailed Analysis1240 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the PATRIOT Act of 2001 that was signed into law by the formal President George W. Bush, to the flags that fluttered in the front yard of every American’s house, the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 brought the whole nation together for a single goal of fighting back terrorism and getting through the test that America was put to. Everybody’s loyalty is getting tested since then towards the United States, and one cannot put aside Hollywood. Its reaction through the movies contributed theRead MoreTerrorism Is Very Real For Mnes Essay1233 Words à ‚  |  5 Pagesquestion addressed by this exploratory study is how international businesses apply past terrorism exposure and experience from operating in risky locations to create organizational preparedness and performance resilience to absorb and endure future terrorist attacks. This paper contributes to the international business literature by addressing a gap in the literature how firms can prepare for and respond to terrorism. The study contributes to a theory of organizational resilience by identifying antecedentsRead MoreThe War On Terrorism And Terrorism1614 Words   |  7 Pagesthe same as prior to September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Suspicions and distrust of â€Å"other†, fear of the unknown, and unease about the role and status of the United States of America permeates the air. Islamophobic attacks increase by 1,700% in 2001. Prior to 9/11, the FBI recorded just 28 hate crimes against Muslims. The following year it increased to 481. For visible Muslims, the threat of violence and abuse is even higher (especially for women). Another fact 9/11 or 7/7 were often labeled asRead More Terrorism Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pagesterrorism were the attacks made on the World Trade Center on September 11th , but terrorism goes back to first-century Palestine, where Jewish Zealots would publicly slit the throats of Romans and their collaborators. Because the causes of terrorism are so deep-rooted and complex, the solutions must be multi-faceted and not focus solely on one country or issue. This is where I believe the current American policy towards terrorism is flawed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Terrorist activities are pervasiveRead MoreThe Nature And Scope Of Terrorism862 Words   |  4 Pagesnature and scope of terrorism is shifting. Following the 9/11 attacks, the United States developed a massive counterterrorism apparatus to defeat Al-Qaeda. However, over the past decade there has been a noticeable difference in how terrorists recruit and operate. The international community has not yet adjusted to these changes, and states continue to rely on conventional methods to combat terrorism. With ISIS emerging as a global terrorist threat, there is a need to implement strategies that canRead MoreLawrence Wrights The Looming Tower Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing the devastating terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, the Unites States found itself in a search for answers and revenge against those that had brought about this atrocity. The attack that has been compared to that of Pearl-Harbor elevated the tracking and collecting of terrori sm from barely a priority, to the forefront of the American radar. I honestly believe that terrorism as the #1 priority is destined to remain at the top for the foreseeable future. The elemental thoughts on

Effect of Washington Consensus Upon Emerging Market Free Essays

Washington Consensus implemented by emerging markets refers to economic policies created by John Williamson (Hooper, 2002; Rodrik, 2006). It is based on financial liberalization theory of McKinnon and Shaw, which emphasis on freeing financial markets from government intervention. Financial liberalization theory assumed perfect financial markets with perfect information, perfect competition and depends on institution-free analysis (Demetriades, 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Washington Consensus Upon Emerging Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now These assumptions are irrelevant in the sense that market, as a whole is imperfect. Despite these deficiencies, emerging countries agree to implement Washington Consensus requested by International Monetary Policy (IMF) and World Bank as part of their loan contracts. According to Washington Consensus, emerging economies facing similar problems with developed markets should be treated with the same tools. Washington Consensus aims to encourage privatization with high level of economic openness. There are many criticisms regarding the policies content of Washington Consensus. Some critics argue that the policies are not being devised in a sequentially correct manner and did not consider emerging markets’ development stage (Hooper, 2002). There are several impacts of the implementation of Washington Consensus upon the emerging capital markets namely worsen economic growth and increase stock market’s volatility. Implementation of the Washington Consensus through financial liberalization has affected economic growth of emerging capital markets. Financial liberalization is developed in the objective of improving economic growth by encouraging saving, investment and capital productivity. Before financial liberalization is introduced, many developing countries encounter financial repression, which is the process where government intervenes in the economy (Demetriades, 1999). In 1960s and 1970s, government intervention was needed to control pegged exchange rates under Bretton-Wood regime. Government controlled the markets by allocating high reserve requirement, interest rates ceiling, and controlling capital, credit as well as exchange rate. These interventions led to disequilibrium in interest rate, for example, interest rates were below equilibrium level (Hooper, 2002). In order to curb the problem, financial liberalization is introduced, for instance, by setting higher interest rates. High interest rates were aimed to encourage savings, which will attract investment through borrowing and thus improved economic growth. Unfortunately, financial liberalization did not result in greater savings instead high interest rate can destroy reformation in real sector (Hooper, 2002). In addition, financial liberalization exacerbates economic growth in the sense that ratio of reserves to foreign denominated short-term indebtedness had declined substantially (Stiglitz, 2000). Washington Consensus suggests emerging capital markets to deregulate their economies in order to achieve economic growth. However, lack of comprehensive regulation has led to Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Moreover, dampen economic growth during Asian Financial Crisis came from maturity and currency mismatch. For example, long-term investment in local currency financed short-term liabilities in dollars. Besides, Washington Consensus did not emphasis on capital flow structure in liberalizing capital flows. Many emerging capital markets destabilized due to high level of capital flows. In Latin America (1980), economic crisis was a result of cash flow structuring problem with the increase in portfolio equity to replace portfolio debt. Asian Financial Crisis 1997 has been deteriorated due to regular flows of money between financial markets. This term hot money will flow from countries with low return to countries with the highest interest rates as banks attempt to get highest return as possible. These flows can affect balance of payments if exchange rates in the total is high (Hooper, 2002). Thus, Washington Consensus worsens economic growth of emerging capital markets. Volatility of stock markets is also affected by the implementation of Washington Consensus. Financial liberalization lead emerging capital markets to more volatility. This is because financial liberalization encourages deregulation, and liquidity, which are the components enhancing volatility. It also goes for taxation as lower taxes lead to volatility. Since liberalize markets usually have lower market concentration, volatility will also increase (Hooper, 1998). Moreover, increasing portfolio equity flows increasing volatility of stock markets (Hooper, 2002). These situations reduce the attractiveness of investing in emerging stock markets (Stiglitz, 2000). Besides, stock markets’ volatility will be exasperated when there is no sufficient accounting disclosure since investors are not able to make informed judgment about the firm. However, financial liberalization did not improve accounting disclosure and structure of governance (Hooper, 2002). There is negative relationship between quality of accounting system and volatility of stock market. Poor accounting system lead to higher market volatility. Moreover, Washington Consensus policy of deregulation has also intensified volatility of stock market (Hooper, 1998; Hooper, 1998). In addition, financial liberalization increased volatility of stock markets with changes in outside country. Since, emerging markets seemed risky, investors are discouraged to invest in the markets. Thus, results in large capital outflows (Stiqlitz, 2000). However, in the long run, volatility of emerging stock markets is improving as they liberalize. International investors find investing in emerging markets are profitable since their risk-return of overall portfolio improved. Investing in emerging stock market lead to diversification of risk, as there is low correlation with other markets (Hooper, 1998). Despite that, implementation of Washington Consensus in emerging capital markets lead to volatile stock market especially in the short-term cycle. There are several ways for IMF and World Bank to conduct policy in developing countries. One of the ways is IMF and World Bank have to make sure that Washington Consensus policies are implemented in correct sequencing manner (Hooper, 2002). For example, financial sector should be reformed after regulatory and bank supervision are restructured and after real sector has been reformed. IMF and World Bank should also encourage developing countries to review and comprehend their regulation system since deregulation can harm economic growth (Hopper, 2002). Furthermore, fortifying securities and accounting regulation help reduce volatility (Hooper, 1998) by implementing framework and policies like fiscal policy, which represent the countries stock markets’ volatility. Besides, IMF and World Bank should bequest emerging countries to be more transparent in accounting disclosure and adopt good governance structure. For example, companies with poor governance are required to pay high return to investors. To reduce the premium, corporation should lessen information asymmetry by increasing accounting disclosure. Thus, cost of equity is lowered since investors are more aware about the firms’ cash flow. Moreover, accounting disclosure overcomes capital flows problem while clear securities framework helps lower volatility. Accounting disclosure should improve so that firms are abled to be monitored and controlled by government (Hooper, 2002). In addition, higher interest rates in emerging capital markets leads to adverse selection and moral hazard problem. Adverse selection normally occurs when interest rates are high as borrowers invest in extremely risky investment without lenders’ knowledge. While moral hazard arises when borrowers invest in projects they had not agreed to. This can lead to increase in cost of borrowing for other borrowers. Thus, encouraging accounting disclosure helps to reduce adverse selection and moral hazard. For example, Thailand and South-East Asian faced moral hazard due to deficient accounting disclosure and comprehensive regulation (Hooper, 2002). Besides, transparent information helps heal economic growth through effective resource allocation (Stiglitz, 2000). IMF and World Bank should also emphasis on binding constraints on economic growth by finding ways to correct the constraints. It is important for an economy to use the appropriate tools in reducing the constraints. For instance, reforming financial intermediaries will not improve investment with poor property rights. Thus, binding constraints have to be evaluated (Stiglitz, 1998). In conclusion, implementing Washington Consensus in emerging capital markets is not efficient. It deteriorated economic growth of many developing countries; for instance, East Asian and Latin America were in bad financial crisis. Moreover, the liberalization process also affects stock market of emerging countries by exacerbating stock markets’ volatility. Thus, International Monetary Fund and World Bank have to play their role by setting up efficient policies in order to curb problems arise from the implementation of Washington Consensus as well as improving the economy of emerging countries. REFERENCE LISTS * Demetriades, P 1999, ‘Financial liberalization: the experience of developing countries’, Eastern Economic Journal, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 441-457. Hooper, V 1998, ‘Volatility and openness of emerging stock markets: some empirical evidence’, Emerging Capital Markets: Financial and Investment Issues, pp. 35-45. * Hooper, V 2002, ‘The Washington Consensus and Emerging Economies’, pp. 1-14. * Rodrik, D 2006, ‘Goodbye Washington Consensus, hello Washington Confusion’, pp. 1-28. * Stiglitz, J 1998, ‘More instruments and broader goals: moving toward the Post–Washington Consensus’, pp. 1-46. * Stiglitz, JE 2000, ‘Capital market liberalization, economic growth, and instability’, World Development, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1075-1086. How to cite Effect of Washington Consensus Upon Emerging Market, Essay examples

Cyberterrorism Case Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction. Cyberterrorism can be described as the usage of the internet or the levering of the Internet and the mark computer’s information to do physical injury. infrastructural harm and real- universe injury. This pattern has been on the rise as the being and usage of the Internet has become more permeant in virtually all the countries of human enterprises. Following this. persons have been able to distribute the namelessness that is ever accorded by the internet to endanger persons. citizens of a peculiar state. or a specific group that has rank hinged upon common ethnicity. spiritual belief. a community. or the full state. Cyberterrorism. unlike all other signifiers of terrorist activities. is alone. since it unleashes panic on the victims. while go forthing the aggressor wholly insulated to the built-in danger of decease. hurt or gaining control ( captivity ) of the provoker. This is because. the aggressor in this venture is non virtually present when transporting out Acts of the Apostless of cyberterrorism. At the other terminal. the conventional type of aggressor has to be physically present to transport out terrorist onslaughts. As the usage. enlargement and betterment of the Internet and computing machine connectivity has continued to be realized. the computing machine systems have continued to be assigned more responsibilities and duties while at the same clip. going progressively mutualist and complex. This has made cyberterrorism more possible and at the same clip. increased the leaning or the likability of these Acts of the Apostless of computing machine and Internet terrorist act taking a larger field and range. For case. all computing machines are served by common Internet service suppliers and besides have the same connectivity for case. through the World Wide Web. It is hence easy to see that the rise of cyberterrorism has merely led to the corruptness of computing machine package. the break of the substructure that is profoundly needed for the being of the computing machine connectivity. and the subsequent loss of information. It is on this background that the World Bank in 2001 stated that 2 billion US dollars were lost by the planetary Internet concern sector due to Acts of the Apostless of cyberterrorism ( Weimann. 2006 pp. 34 ) every bit far as the twelvemonth 2000 is concerned. In add-on to this. cyberterrorism has besides been accountable to myriads of instances of existent injury. cyberterrorism and factors that facilitate it. Cyberterrorism has been known to be promoted by many factors. while at the same clip taking on many faces. Cyberterrorism can for case take the signifier of the hacking of the computing machine web system. the transporting out of illegal or unauthorised entry into a computing machine web system or database. and the subjugation of the computing machine package. particularly the database system to viruses. Overeliance on web calculating engineering has besides been one of the causative factor and assistance to the realization of cyberterrorism. For case. the overexploitation of the SCADA systems has been known to ensue in overloading of the same. This overloading makes the package to neglect or to malfunction. This brings in the Domino consequence that leads to the prostration of computing machine Internet connectivity. Besides conveying in more jobs to the above state of affairs. is the fact that 80 % of these critical substructures are in the custodies of private ownership. In the past. most of the private proprietors of these substructures had non been educated adequately on information security ( Blane. 2003 pp. 120 ) . This has at frequently times led to the proprietors doing determinations that make the Internet connectivity systems really vulnerable to onslaughts by the cybercriminals. For case. until late. these Internet connectivity substructure directors and proprietors had been straight attaching the Internet public-service corporations and overseas telegrams to the SCADA maestro terminuss. taking to instances of overloading. Vulnerability of the substructure has besides been really instrumental in the assisting hackers find their manner into the computing machine networking system. This is because it is really possible to transport out electronic invasions to destruct the substructure. At the same clip. taking the steps to command the infrastructural systems is really hard. needing really specialised signifier of cognition and fail- safe steps that are non computerized. At the same clip. this province of personal businesss has enabled the onslaughts on the control systems. so that power that is used for the operations and for keeping the physical substructure is interfered with. This includes the control distribution systems that are used to modulate H2O supply. the transmittals of electricity. rail and route webs. This booby trap is besides exhibited by the fact that due to shortage of control systems. this allows for the aggressor to infringe upon this systems by dialing the modem to halt the transmittal of informations. This state of affairs is besides sedate due to the fact that this attack enables these hackers to perforate systems that have been insulated by firewalls in some instances. The gravitation of the state of affairs is besides glowering in the sense that a felon is able to utilize the Internet. together with a radio wireless and control package to command the substructure. It is on this background that a 49 twelvemonth old adult male by the name. Boden Videk. on November 2001 used these devices to let go of a million liter natural sewerage into the coastal Waterss and into the river Maroochydore in Australia. Queensland. As a consequence of this. there was huge Numberss of marine deceases as the creek H2O became blackened and filled with malodor. Harmonizing to research that had been carried out following the incident. it was found out that 40 % of the installations that support the distribution of H2O. allowed ready entree and logging in. straight and randomly into the Internet. piece at the same clip. it was besides found that 60 % of the SCADA managed systems could be connected into and accessed by the usage of a modem ( Colaric. 2006 pp. 75 ) . These experts besides point out that the fact that the first 44 botched efforts went unreported. besides points to the built-in inefficiency of Internet connectivity ( Boden had tried 44 times and merely succeeded the forty-fifth effort ) . This alludes to the fact that even the firewalls and other internally fixed protection steps are inefficient by themselves. since they have been marked with along history of hackers happening their manner into them. Cyberterrorism has besides been spread through the fact that before September 11th. 2001. all the security commanding systems were being served by one watchword. Upon doing successful incursions into the security web system. damaging the remainder of the security control systems was now possible. This means that the hazards or the exposure to security breaches were really high particularly due to the fact that the security webs had been connected straight to the Internet. At the nucleus of the affair. besides lies other factors that guarantee that cyberterrorism continues to be. For illustration. the democratisation of the computing machine cognition has led to anyone being able to entree the Internet and to pull strings the computing machine. harmonizing to the caprices of the same. Virtually about 54 % of the world’s entire population has plenty knowledge to run the computing machine. Out of this 54 % . 60 % have vast cognition on the computing machine that is adequate to enable them hack computing machine packages ( O’Day. 2004 pp. 121 ) . At the same clip. the whole universe is still enduring at the custodies cybercriminals due to the inefficient jurisprudence system. Although International Law already proscribes the act of infringing into other states’ beginnings of informations by an external political entity. yet. the United Nations ( UN ) Charter Laws has non been to the full formed to distinguish between the legitimate rights of the Internet user. and the boundaries that should non be crossed by the same. World domination and the netwar have ever gone manus in manus with each other as viing provinces seek to bring out the military information of its challengers by tapping into the rival’s military computing machine database. This is possibly one of the premier grounds as to why the UN Charter Laws on the Internet usage should be expedited to completion. Effectss of cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorism has been known to hold serious wide scaled impacts on people. For case. this signifier of offense has been known to be responsible for the debilitating of a country’s economic growing and good being. This is because. cyberterrorism has the capacity to destruct the Internet substructure and to pervert Internet connectivity. This leads to serious famine in the flow of information that is earnestly needed by the concern and the corporate sector. The effect to this is that this leads to immense losingss being incurred by the concern sector and the corporate sector as good. For case. the banking sector. international banking and the planetary finance sector have in an effort to increase safety. security. client satisfaction. increased market entree and net income. hold introduced on-line banking. and electronic banking- services that enormously rely on Internet connectivity. However. on the thirteenth December. 2006. the banking and the finance sector were interfered with when cybercriminals took to doing and utilizing the Trojan Software. a computing machine virus which had the capacity to besiege the banking security clearance cheques. For merely 50 yearss that it went undetected. the Gozi had already managed to steal 10. 000 records that carried information of 5. 200 clients ( Dunnigan. 2003 pp. 166 ) . Secure Works divulged further that the value of the information that was lost by the banking sector reached the value of 2 million ( Verton. 2003 pp. 84 ) Although the state of affairs has already been reversed through the debut of the Fraud Detection Automation and the Centralized Funds Management System. this 2 million loss was besides traveling to be reflected in the revenue enhancement rating procedure. At the same clip. the loss of the file application systems for revenue enhancement returns was besides retrograde to the realisation of banking revenue enhancement. Since all authoritiess exact revenue enhancement from these concerns in relation to the one-year net income borders that these concerns make. these authoritiess have been recognizing merely little sums of grosss as a consequence. This is more so because the the main beginning of authorities gross is revenue enhancement. This province of personal businesss leads to authoritiess being denied their resources. and this leads to these authoritiess being susceptible to debts. rising prices and later. the wasted military might. At the same clip. cyberterrorism has been known to derail or disable concerns that are Internet supported. These concern sectors include on-line advertisement. vitamin E larning. retail and service suppliers that deal with the brick and howitzer retailing. All these stand fring money following any downtime that has been created by the cybercriminals. Cyberterrorism has been a deterrent factor in the realisation of free flow of information and cognition in the international spectrum. This because. the free transportation of information and cognition can merely take topographic point in the presence of planetary Internet connectivity ( through the World Wide Web ) . Cyberterrorism has hence been really instrumental in guarding off the transportation of information in a transborder sense. and thereby being antithetical to constructs and patterns of vitamin E acquisition. This means that these Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act have merely acted as an active Ussher to planetary ignorance. Much serious losingss are incurred by the planetary universe in the sense that cyberterrorism stagnates the free flow of capital in a transborder sense. The free flow of capital on the other manus supports patterns such as international trade and diplomatic negotiations. Therefore. it is true that cyberterrorism has been really instrumental in uprooting universe trade. At the same clip. by the really fact that cyberterrorism has been so formidable in cut downing Internet supported beginnings of income and thereby plumping the beginning of gross for a peculiar authorities. much acceptance can be given to cybercrime being given the name â€Å"cyberterrorism† due to the fact that its effects ( largely fiscal ) are target specific. and at the same clip. aimed at a peculiar state. This strikes panic and terror to any economic system. and can hence be justly dubbed â€Å"cyberterrorism† . Decision. Having seen the far making effects of cyberterrorism. it is incumbent upon the several authoritiess to work together as members of one planetary community. This is because. all the jobs that bedevil Internet connectivity due to cyberterrorism. impact the remainder of the universe. At the same clip. these authoritiess should guarantee that in order to come up with proper Reconstructions. that the Internet suppliers. and the information engineering professionals are all included in the attempts to recognize an all- comprehensive attack. It is on this premiss that the Global Network Joint Task Force Operations ( JTF- GNO ) was formed to guard off instances of cybercrime. The attempts being applied by this Confederacy is exerted through the integrating of the capablenesss of the GNO with those of the DOD computing machine systems and webs. In add-on to this. the DOD commanding battler bureaus and services are besides included. Additionally. there should be the creative activity of the planetary air force cyber bid which can be used to supervise and protect the involvements of the internet. Although the US has already realized this demand and hence come up with the MAJCOM Air Force for Cyber Command which was created in November 2nd. 2006. yet America should non restrict this to itself. but alternatively should take this war against cyberterrorism to a planetary degree. since this type of job affects the whole universe as one planetary small town. Conversely. since the universe has become one planetary small town. virtually about all of the Earth has embraced the construct of planetary partnership. There is no manner America’s involvements will boom and win if the remainder of the universe as her spouses do non recognize betterments in this sector. Mentions.Blane. V. J. ( 2003 ) . Current issues in cyberterrorism and cybercrime.New York: The Prentice Hall.Colaric. A. M. ( 2006 ) . The political and economic deductions of cyberterrorism.London: Sage.Dunnigan. J. F. ( 2003 ) . Confronting planetary cyberterrorism.New York: The McGraw Hill.O’Day. A. ( 2004 ) . On cyberterrorism.Michigan: The John Wiley and Sons.Verton. D. ( 2003 ) . Black ice: The menace of cyberterrorism.Oxford: The Oxford University Press.Weimann. G. ( 2006 ) . The new Era and the New Nhallenges of Internet and Terror.

Dogs vs horses for AAT free essay sample

Well immediately others would say, Well duh, the dog would be. Horses are so much larger and pushy and kids could get hurt easier. Although, Horses have to be put through training to work with kids and although the dogs are smaller, they can be easily pushed to do meeting wrong, like bite.Horses and dogs have more In common than people think. Like dogs, horses are friendly and love people. When someone goes to an AT cling to get the therapy needed, they usually have a choice on which animal they want to work with. The Horses are usually used as strength builders In the legs, stomach and back. Also to regain a form of balance, calmness and patience. Horses cant be bullied Into doing something, they have to be persuaded and willing to do something. The dogs are used to strengthen the legs and arms.They dont only help strengthen, but help gain trust, love, and calmness. We will write a custom essay sample on Dogs vs horses for AAT or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If someone was to go to an animal mad, frustrated, edgy, the animal can sense it and will act up. The only way to get the animal to act properly is to breathe and calm yourself before trying to interact with the animal. Just like any two objects, or subjects out there, horses and dogs may have their similaritys but they also have their differences. There are the basics like; people are scared of horses height so they go to the dog, some are allergic to dog hair.Now, productivity differences between the two animals is a bit more difficult to calculate. Although, there is one larger difference between horses and dogs. Unlike the horses, dogs can live with the human and go everywhere the human does. Most of the therapy dogs get trained to; guide the blind, warn for seizures, strokes, and any other dangerous conditions, they can also be used as a tracking dog for the autistic running kids. These are only a few examples. Now, riding horses improves muscle tone, balance, posture, motor coordination, incarceration, self-confidence, and self-esteem.Sense the horse cant be with a human everywhere they go, the therapy given by the horse tends to be a harder therapy to endure. The horses movement in its gait mimics the natural movement of the pubic bone when one is walking or running. So, the riding helps gets the natural movement back into the hips and the strength needed to start walking again, or stronger. Both animals are great to use In therapy. Although, the point of which animal works better? This question cant really be answered.Its more a matter of opinion, each animal Is a great therapeutic practice, but for two different needs. Sure, If someone needed mental or emotional therapy either animal could be great, but the dog would be the one to go for. If one needed physical therapy both could be used although the horse would be more effective. So the answer this question depends on the matter of the problem. Horses and dogs have more in common than people think. Like dogs, horses are friendly and love people. When someone goes to an AT clinic to get the therapy Horses are usually used as strength builders in the legs, stomach and back. Also to regain a form of balance, calmness and patience. Horses cant be bullied into doing similaritys but they also have their differences. There are the basics like; people are Although, there is one larger difference between horses and dogs. Unlike the horses, Both animals are great to use in therapy. Although, the point of which animal each animal is a great therapeutic practice, but for two different needs.